Water Conductivity

Definition and description :
Conductivity of a substance is defined as 'the ability or power to conduct or transmit heat, electricity, or sound'. Its units are Siemens per meter [S/m] in SI and millimhos per centimeter [mmho/cm]

Electrical conductivity (EC)

An electrical current results from the motion of electrically charged particles in response to forces that act on them from an applied electric field. Within most solid materials a current arise from the flow of electrons, which is called electronic conduction. In all conductors, semiconductors, and many insulated materials only electronic conduction exists, and the electrical conductivity is strongly dependant on the number of electrons available to participate to the conduction process. Most metals are extremely good conductors of electricity, because of the large number of free electrons that can be excited in an empty and available energy state.
In water and ionic materials or fluids a net motion of charged ions can occur. This phenomenon produces an electric current and is called ionic conduction. Electrical conductivity is defined as the ratio between the current density (J) and the electric field intensity (e) and it is the opposite of the resistivity (r, [W*m]):
s = J/e = 1/r Silver has the highest conductivity of any metals: 63 x 106 S/m.

Water conductivity

Pure water is not a good conductor of electricity. Ordinary distilled water in equilibrium with carbon dioxide of the air has a conductivity of about 10 x 10-6 W-1*m-1 (20 dS/m). Because the electrical current is transported by the ions in solution, the conductivity increases as the concentration of ions increases. Thus conductivity increases as water dissolved ionic species.

Typical conductivity of waters:

Ultra pure water 5.5 · 10-6 S/m
Drinking water 0.005 – 0.05 S/m
Sea water 5 S/m

Electrical Conductivity and TDS :

TDS or Total Dissolved Solids is a measure of the total ions in solution. EC is actually a measure of the ionic activity of a solution in term of its capacity to transmit current. In dilute solution, TDS and EC are reasonably comparable. The TDS of a water sample based on the measured EC value can be calculated using the following equation : TDS (mg/l) = 0.5 x EC (dS/m or mmho/cm) or = 0.5 * 1000 x EC (mS/cm) The above relationship can also be used to check the acceptability of water chemical analyses. It does not apply to wastewater.
As the solution becomes more concentrated (TDS > 1000 mg/l, EC > 2000 ms/cm), the proximity of the solution ions to each other depresses their activity and consequently their ability to transmit current, although the physical amount of dissolved solids is not affected. At high TDS values, the ratio TDS/EC increases and the relationship tends toward TDS = 0.9 x EC.In these cases the above-mentioned relationship should not be used and each sample should be characterized separately.
For water for agricultural and irrigation purpose the values for EC and TDS are related to each other and can be converted with an accuracy of about 10% using the following equation:
TDS (mg/l) = 640 x EC (ds/m or mmho/cm).
With the reverse osmosis process, water is forced in a semi-impermeable membrane leaving the impurities behind. This process is capable of removing 95-99 % of TDS, providing pure or ultra-pure water.
To be able to guarantee the highest quality for longer periods, a high quality water treatment installation is required. Trayam Enterprises delivers complete systems which already meet the demand for extra purified water, which save on water and electricity and which are provided with energy saving pumps. If you are interested, please don't hesitate to contact us.

Laboratory grade water :

Ultrapure water (UPW) for laboratory :

Laboratory grade water :

Water is used in many different applications performed in laboratories. It is vital for scientists to be able to use the correct water grade or quality to match the required procedures or appliances. That is why Trayam Enterprises-Aquatech & systems provides the most efficient water treatment solutions adapted to the specific needs of laboratories. You can have precise water quality from primary grade, for simple routine washing and rinsing, through to ultrapure for the most critical science and analytical applications.

Chemicals & Pharmaceutical industries :

Water is a critical ingredient in chemical manufacturing operations; consistent and high-quality supplies are needed for a range of purposes including production, material processing, and cooling. Water treatment systems have to often comply to very stringent industry specific qualifications and certifications.
A stable and guaranteed water supply is critical and duty stand-by solutions are frequently requested from end-users.

Applications :

Ultra pure water production

Our solutions :

Coarse and fine filtration
Desalination / Demineralization
Disinfection
Heating/cooling

Technology overview :

Multimedia filtration
Activated carbon
Reverse Osmosis
Electro-deionization
Ion exchange
Polishing mixed bed
Ultra filtration
UV disinfection

Our advantages :

Engineered and custom designed solutions for unique water and equipment needs Turn-key solutions including design, engineering, manufacturing, automation, installation, maintenanceand training. State-of-art technologies for effective water and wastewater reuse.

Hemodialysis – water treatment system :

People suffering from a chronic or acute kidney-insufficiency need to have their blood cleansed by means of an artificial kidney (haemodialysis). During this process, an exchange of substances takes place between blood and (extra) purified water, through diffusion, osmosis and filtration. Depending on the treatment, the water has to meet specific guidelines.

Water quality as a matter of life and death :

Contamination of the pure water immediately causes consequences -like inflammatory syndrome and hypertensionfor the kidney patient. Due to the duration of the treatment, the potential contact time with an (an) organic contamination is considerable. For hemodialysis the water quality is quite literally a matter of life and death. For instance, the maximum quantity of pyrogens a patient is allowed to be exposed to via intravenous route is 5,0 IU endotoxines per kg bodyweight per hour, based on the maximum amount allowed to be administered per 24 hours. With the application of high-flux artificial kidneys- in which back filtration can occur-it is also advised to lower the maximum value for pyrogens from 0,25 IU/ml to < 0,025 IU/ml. From a medical point of view there is already a need to tighten these values. But we are still waiting for a reliable measuring method to be able to define values lower then 0,025 IU/ml.

Night and 24 hour dialysis :

Besides undisputed quality, a present-day hemodialysis installation needs to be in possession of facilities to prevent stagnation, especially now that dialysiscentra are expanding their services with night and 24 hour dialysis.

More information :

To be able to guarantee the highest quality for longer periods, a high quality water treatment installation is required. Trayam Enterprises delivers complete systems for haemodialysis which already meet the demand for extra purified water (< 0,1 kve/ml and0 0,025 IU/ml), which save on water and electricity and which are provided with energy saving pumps. If you are interested, please don't hesitate to contact us.